Tạp chí Dinh dưỡng & Thực phẩm - Tập 21, Số 2E, Năm 2025 

(Link số tạp chí: https://tapchidinhduongthucpham.org.vn/index.php/jfns/issue/view/56)

Tác giả: Lâm Khắc Kỷ, Viên Vũ Bảo An, Võ Tấn Đạt

Tóm tắt

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death globally, including in Vietnam. In recent years, there has been a rise in younger people developing cardiovascular diseases due to unhealthy lifestyles and diets. The rice bran, a byproduct of rice milling, was traditionally used as animal feed. However, recent research has shown that rice bran contains valuable nutrients such as lipids (15-22%), carbohydrates (34.1-52.2%), fiber (7-14%), and protein (10-16%), as well as beneficial bioactive compounds like flavonoids, ferulic acid, policosanol, and feruloylated oligosaccharides. These components have demonstrated potential in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases. This review presents the nutritional components of rice bran, available rice bran products on the market, and research on its impacts on cardiovascular health, suggesting its potential incorporation into food products to mitigate cardiovascular disease risk.

Từ khóa: Rice bran, chemical composition, cardiovascular diseases

Tài liệu tham khảo

1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Accessed December 30, 2024 at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds).

2. Vietnam Ministry of Health. The trend of death due to cardiovascular disease is increasing in Vietnam. Accessed on March 15, 2024 at: https://moh.gov.vn/tin-tong-hop/-/asset_publisher/k206Q9qkZOqn/content/xu-huong-tu-vong-do-benh-tim-mach-ang-ngay-cang-tang-tai-viet-nam

3. Vietnam Ministry of Health. Accessed on March 15, 2024 at: https://moh.gov.vn/tin-lien-quan/-/asset_publisher/vjYyM7O9aWnX/content/moi-nam-viet-nam-co-200-000-nguoi-tu-vong-do-cac-benh-tim-mach?inheritRedirect=false

4. Zheng Y, Gao N, Wu J, Yin B. Rice bran protein: Extraction, nutraceutical properties, and potential applications. In: Rice bran and rice bran oil. AOCS Press; 2019:271–293.

5. General Statistics Office. Report on socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and the year 2021. 2021.

6. Fabian C, Ju YH. A review on rice bran protein: its properties and extraction methods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2011;51(9):816–827.

7. Saunders RM. Rice bran: Composition and potential food uses. Food Reviews International. 1985;1(3):465–495.

8. Islam S, Nagasaka R, Ohara K, et al. Biological abilities of rice bran-derived antioxidant phytochemicals for medical therapy. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2011;11(14):1847–1853.

9. Hongu N, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J, et al. Pigmented rice bran and plant sterol combination reduces serum lipids in overweight and obese adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2014;33(3):231–238.

10.Ogawa Y, Shobako N, Fukuhara I, et al. Rice bran supplement containing a functional substance, the novel peptide Leu-Arg-Ala, has anti-hypertensive effects: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):726.

11.Zhang H, Wang J, Liu Y, Gong L, Sun B. Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. Food & Function. 2016;7(6):2747–2753.

12.Wang J, Shimada M, Nagaoka S. Identification of the active protein in rice bran protein having an inhibitory activity of cholesterol micellar solubility. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2017;81(6):1216–1219.

13.Ardiansyah, Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H, et al. Novel effects of a single administration of ferulic acid on the regulation of blood pressure and the hepatic lipid metabolic profile in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(8):2825–2830.

14.EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal. 2010;8(3):1461.

15.Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25_suppl_2):S76–S99.

16.Kris-Etherton PM, Yu S. Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: Human studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997;65(5):1628–1644.

18.Park HY, Lee KW, Choi HD. Rice bran constituents: Immunomodulatory and therapeutic activities. Food & Function. 2017;8(3):935–943.

19.Bollinedi H, Singh AK, Singh N, et al. Genetic and genomic approaches to address rapid rancidity of rice bran. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;61(1):75–84.

20.Chou TW, Ma CY, Cheng HH, et al. A rice bran oil diet improves lipid abnormalities and suppress hyperinsulinemic responses in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009;45(1):29–36.

21.Cicero AFG, Gaddi A. Rice bran oil and γ‐oryzanol in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemias and other conditions. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15(4):277–289.

22.Sohail M, Rakha A, Butt MS, et al. Rice bran nutraceutics: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(17):3771–3780.

23.Santhakumar AB, Bulmer AC, Singh I. A review of the mechanisms and effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress and thrombotic risk. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2014;27(1):1–21.

24.Kumar A. Computational model of blood flow in the presence of atherosclerosis. In: 6th World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB 2010). Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:1591–1594.

25.Liao JK. Linking endothelial dysfunction with endothelial cell activation. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(2):540–541.

26.Sitia S, Tomasoni L, Atzeni F, et al. From endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2010;9(12):830–834.

27.Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda K, Legorreta-Haquet MV, et al. The activation of CD14, TLR4, and TLR2 by mmLDL induces IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion in human monocytes and macrophages. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2010;9(1):1–8.

28.Libby P, Lichtman AH, Hansson GK. Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: From mice to humans. Immunity. 2013;38(6):1092–1104.

29.Hassan GS, Merhi Y, Mourad W. CD40 ligand: A neo-inflammatory molecule in vascular diseases. Immunobiology. 2012;217(5):521–532.

30.Nhung BT, Tuyen LD, Linh VA, et al. Rice bran extract reduces the risk of atherosclerosis in post-menopausal Vietnamese women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2016;62(5):295–302.

31.Yang Z, Nakabayashi R, Mori T, et al. Metabolome analysis of Oryza sativa (rice) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for characterizing organ specificity of flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2016;64(7):952–956.

32.Fang HY, Chen YK, Chen HH, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides from rice bran. Food Chemistry. 2012;134(2):836–840.

33.Wong WT, Ismail M, Imam MU, Zhang YD. Modulation of platelet functions by crude rice (Oryza sativa) bran policosanol extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;16(1):1–10.

34.Li KJ, Borresen EC, Jenkins-Puccetti N, et al. Navy bean and rice bran intake alters the plasma metabolome of children at risk for cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2018;4:71.

35.Rao YPC, Sugasini D, Lokesh B. Dietary gamma oryzanol plays a significant role in the anti-inflammatory activity of rice bran oil by decreasing pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by peritoneal macrophages of rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2016;479(5):747–752.

36.Francisqueti FV, Minatel IO, Ferro AJ, et al. Effect of gamma-oryzanol as a therapeutic agent to prevent cardiorenal metabolic syndrome in animals submitted to high sugar-fat diet. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1299.

37.Irawati D, Mamo JC, Slivkoff-Clark KM, et al. Dietary fat and physiological determinants of plasma chylomicron remnant homeostasis in normolipidemic subjects: Insight into atherogenic risk. British Journal of Nutrition. 2017;117(3):403–412.

38.Zavoshy R, Noroozi M, Jahanihashemi H. Effect of low calorie diet with rice bran oil on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic patients. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(7):626-631.

39.Kuriyan R, Gopinath N, Vaz M, Kurpad AV. Use of rice bran oil in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Natl Med J India. 2005;18(6):292-296.

40.Upadya H, Devaraju C, Joshi SR. Anti-inflammatory properties of blended edible oil with synergistic antioxidants. IJEM. 2015;19(4):511–518.

41.Malve H, et al. LDL-cholesterol lowering activity of a blend of rice bran oil and safflower oil in patients with hyperlipidemia. JIMA.2010;108(11):785–788.

42.Devarajan S, Singh R, Chatterjee B, et al. A blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. J Clin Lipidol. 2016:10(2):339-349.

43.Perez-Ternero C, Claro C, Parrado J, Herrera MD, et al. Rice bran enzymatic extract reduces atherosclerotic plaque development and steatosis in high-fat fed ApoE-/- mice. Nutrition. 2017; 37:22–29.

44.Perez-Ternero C, Herrera M, Laufs U, et al. Food supplementation with rice bran enzymatic extract prevents vascular apoptosis and atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):225-236.

45.Justo M, Claro C, Vila E, et al. Microvascular disorders in obese Zucker rats are restored by a rice bran diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(5):524-531.

46.Justo ML, Candiracci M, Dantas AP, et al. Rice bran enzymatic extract restores endothelial function and vascular contractility in obese rats by reducing vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24(9):1453–1461.

47.Mukherjee S, Ray D, Lekli I, et al. Effects of Longevinex (modified resveratrol) on cardioprotection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;88(10):1017–1025.

48.Perez-Ternero C, Macià A, de Sotomayor MA, et al. Bioavailability of the ferulic acid-derived phenolic compounds of a rice bran enzymatic extract and their activity against superoxide production. Food Funct. 2017;8(6):2165–2174.

49.Juan J, Liu G, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke: Results from two prospective cohort studies. Stroke. 2017;48(12):3203–3209.

50.Liang Y, Lin Q, Huang P, et al. Rice bioactive peptide binding with TLR4 to overcome H2O2-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through NF-κB signaling. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(2):440–448.

51.Senaphan K, Sangartit W, Pakdeechote P, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates reduce arterial stiffening, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Eur J Nutr. 2018; 57(6):219–230.

52.Boonla O, Kukongviriyapan U, Pakdeechote P, et al. Peptides derived from Thai rice bran improve endothelial function in hypertensive rats. Nutrients. 2015;7(7):5783–5799.

53.Choi JS, Ron MK, Kim TU, et al. Characteristics of esterified rice bran oil converted by enzymatic esterification. J Environ Biol. 2015, 36(5), 1247.

54.Reena M, Krishnakantha TBK. Lowering of platelet aggregation and serum eicosanoid levels in rats fed with a diet containing coconut oil blends with rice bran oil or sesame oil. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids.2010;83(3):151–160.

55.Ogawa Y, Shobako N, & Fukuhara I. Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Peptides Derived from Rice Bran Protein. Nutrients. 2019;12(10):3060.

56.Rao YPC & Sugasini D. Anti-inflammatory activity of rice bran oil in animal models. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2016;479(5):747–752.

57.Vietnam Ministry of Health. Accessed on January 1, 2025 at: https://moh.gov.vn/hoat-dong-cua-dia-phuong/-/asset_publisher/gHbla8vOQDuS/content/khoang-200-000-nguoi-viet-tu-vong-vi-tim-mach-moi-nam-8-loi-khuyen-e-khong-mac-benh-nay

58. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases in Viet Nam. Accessed January 6, 2025 at: https://www.who.int/vietnam/health-topics/cardiovascular-disease.  

Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences -  Vol.25, No.2E, Year 2025

(Link to the journal issue: https://tapchidinhduongthucpham.org.vn/index.php/jfns/issue/view/56)

Author: Khac Ky LAM, Vu Bao An VIEN, Tan Dat VO

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death globally, including in Vietnam. In recent years, there has been a rise in younger people developing cardiovascular diseases due to unhealthy lifestyles and diets. The rice bran, a byproduct of rice milling, was traditionally used as animal feed. However, recent research has shown that rice bran contains valuable nutrients such as lipids (15-22%), carbohydrates (34.1-52.2%), fiber (7-14%), and protein (10-16%), as well as beneficial bioactive compounds like flavonoids, ferulic acid, policosanol, and feruloylated oligosaccharides. These components have demonstrated potential in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases. This review presents the nutritional components of rice bran, available rice bran products on the market, and research on its impacts on cardiovascular health, suggesting its potential incorporation into food products to mitigate cardiovascular disease risk.

Keywords: Rice bran, chemical composition, cardiovascular diseases

References

1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Accessed December 30, 2024 at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds).

2. Vietnam Ministry of Health. The trend of death due to cardiovascular disease is increasing in Vietnam. Accessed on March 15, 2024 at: https://moh.gov.vn/tin-tong-hop/-/asset_publisher/k206Q9qkZOqn/content/xu-huong-tu-vong-do-benh-tim-mach-ang-ngay-cang-tang-tai-viet-nam

3. Vietnam Ministry of Health. Accessed on March 15, 2024 at: https://moh.gov.vn/tin-lien-quan/-/asset_publisher/vjYyM7O9aWnX/content/moi-nam-viet-nam-co-200-000-nguoi-tu-vong-do-cac-benh-tim-mach?inheritRedirect=false

4. Zheng Y, Gao N, Wu J, Yin B. Rice bran protein: Extraction, nutraceutical properties, and potential applications. In: Rice bran and rice bran oil. AOCS Press; 2019:271–293.

5. General Statistics Office. Report on socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and the year 2021. 2021.

6. Fabian C, Ju YH. A review on rice bran protein: its properties and extraction methods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2011;51(9):816–827.

7. Saunders RM. Rice bran: Composition and potential food uses. Food Reviews International. 1985;1(3):465–495.

8. Islam S, Nagasaka R, Ohara K, et al. Biological abilities of rice bran-derived antioxidant phytochemicals for medical therapy. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2011;11(14):1847–1853.

9. Hongu N, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J, et al. Pigmented rice bran and plant sterol combination reduces serum lipids in overweight and obese adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2014;33(3):231–238.

10.Ogawa Y, Shobako N, Fukuhara I, et al. Rice bran supplement containing a functional substance, the novel peptide Leu-Arg-Ala, has anti-hypertensive effects: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):726.

11.Zhang H, Wang J, Liu Y, Gong L, Sun B. Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. Food & Function. 2016;7(6):2747–2753.

12.Wang J, Shimada M, Nagaoka S. Identification of the active protein in rice bran protein having an inhibitory activity of cholesterol micellar solubility. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2017;81(6):1216–1219.

13.Ardiansyah, Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H, et al. Novel effects of a single administration of ferulic acid on the regulation of blood pressure and the hepatic lipid metabolic profile in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(8):2825–2830.

14.EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal. 2010;8(3):1461.

15.Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25_suppl_2):S76–S99.

16.Kris-Etherton PM, Yu S. Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: Human studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997;65(5):1628–1644.

18.Park HY, Lee KW, Choi HD. Rice bran constituents: Immunomodulatory and therapeutic activities. Food & Function. 2017;8(3):935–943.

19.Bollinedi H, Singh AK, Singh N, et al. Genetic and genomic approaches to address rapid rancidity of rice bran. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;61(1):75–84.

20.Chou TW, Ma CY, Cheng HH, et al. A rice bran oil diet improves lipid abnormalities and suppress hyperinsulinemic responses in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009;45(1):29–36.

21.Cicero AFG, Gaddi A. Rice bran oil and γ‐oryzanol in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemias and other conditions. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15(4):277–289.

22.Sohail M, Rakha A, Butt MS, et al. Rice bran nutraceutics: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(17):3771–3780.

23.Santhakumar AB, Bulmer AC, Singh I. A review of the mechanisms and effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress and thrombotic risk. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2014;27(1):1–21.

24.Kumar A. Computational model of blood flow in the presence of atherosclerosis. In: 6th World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB 2010). Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:1591–1594.

25.Liao JK. Linking endothelial dysfunction with endothelial cell activation. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(2):540–541.

26.Sitia S, Tomasoni L, Atzeni F, et al. From endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2010;9(12):830–834.

27.Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda K, Legorreta-Haquet MV, et al. The activation of CD14, TLR4, and TLR2 by mmLDL induces IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion in human monocytes and macrophages. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2010;9(1):1–8.

28.Libby P, Lichtman AH, Hansson GK. Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: From mice to humans. Immunity. 2013;38(6):1092–1104.

29.Hassan GS, Merhi Y, Mourad W. CD40 ligand: A neo-inflammatory molecule in vascular diseases. Immunobiology. 2012;217(5):521–532.

30.Nhung BT, Tuyen LD, Linh VA, et al. Rice bran extract reduces the risk of atherosclerosis in post-menopausal Vietnamese women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2016;62(5):295–302.

31.Yang Z, Nakabayashi R, Mori T, et al. Metabolome analysis of Oryza sativa (rice) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for characterizing organ specificity of flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2016;64(7):952–956.

32.Fang HY, Chen YK, Chen HH, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides from rice bran. Food Chemistry. 2012;134(2):836–840.

33.Wong WT, Ismail M, Imam MU, Zhang YD. Modulation of platelet functions by crude rice (Oryza sativa) bran policosanol extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;16(1):1–10.

34.Li KJ, Borresen EC, Jenkins-Puccetti N, et al. Navy bean and rice bran intake alters the plasma metabolome of children at risk for cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2018;4:71.

35.Rao YPC, Sugasini D, Lokesh B. Dietary gamma oryzanol plays a significant role in the anti-inflammatory activity of rice bran oil by decreasing pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by peritoneal macrophages of rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2016;479(5):747–752.

36.Francisqueti FV, Minatel IO, Ferro AJ, et al. Effect of gamma-oryzanol as a therapeutic agent to prevent cardiorenal metabolic syndrome in animals submitted to high sugar-fat diet. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1299.

37.Irawati D, Mamo JC, Slivkoff-Clark KM, et al. Dietary fat and physiological determinants of plasma chylomicron remnant homeostasis in normolipidemic subjects: Insight into atherogenic risk. British Journal of Nutrition. 2017;117(3):403–412.

38.Zavoshy R, Noroozi M, Jahanihashemi H. Effect of low calorie diet with rice bran oil on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic patients. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(7):626-631.

39.Kuriyan R, Gopinath N, Vaz M, Kurpad AV. Use of rice bran oil in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Natl Med J India. 2005;18(6):292-296.

40.Upadya H, Devaraju C, Joshi SR. Anti-inflammatory properties of blended edible oil with synergistic antioxidants. IJEM. 2015;19(4):511–518.

41.Malve H, et al. LDL-cholesterol lowering activity of a blend of rice bran oil and safflower oil in patients with hyperlipidemia. JIMA.2010;108(11):785–788.

42.Devarajan S, Singh R, Chatterjee B, et al. A blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. J Clin Lipidol. 2016:10(2):339-349.

43.Perez-Ternero C, Claro C, Parrado J, Herrera MD, et al. Rice bran enzymatic extract reduces atherosclerotic plaque development and steatosis in high-fat fed ApoE-/- mice. Nutrition. 2017; 37:22–29.

44.Perez-Ternero C, Herrera M, Laufs U, et al. Food supplementation with rice bran enzymatic extract prevents vascular apoptosis and atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):225-236.

45.Justo M, Claro C, Vila E, et al. Microvascular disorders in obese Zucker rats are restored by a rice bran diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(5):524-531.

46.Justo ML, Candiracci M, Dantas AP, et al. Rice bran enzymatic extract restores endothelial function and vascular contractility in obese rats by reducing vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24(9):1453–1461.

47.Mukherjee S, Ray D, Lekli I, et al. Effects of Longevinex (modified resveratrol) on cardioprotection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;88(10):1017–1025.

48.Perez-Ternero C, Macià A, de Sotomayor MA, et al. Bioavailability of the ferulic acid-derived phenolic compounds of a rice bran enzymatic extract and their activity against superoxide production. Food Funct. 2017;8(6):2165–2174.

49.Juan J, Liu G, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke: Results from two prospective cohort studies. Stroke. 2017;48(12):3203–3209.

50.Liang Y, Lin Q, Huang P, et al. Rice bioactive peptide binding with TLR4 to overcome H2O2-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through NF-κB signaling. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(2):440–448.

51.Senaphan K, Sangartit W, Pakdeechote P, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates reduce arterial stiffening, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Eur J Nutr. 2018; 57(6):219–230.

52.Boonla O, Kukongviriyapan U, Pakdeechote P, et al. Peptides derived from Thai rice bran improve endothelial function in hypertensive rats. Nutrients. 2015;7(7):5783–5799.

53.Choi JS, Ron MK, Kim TU, et al. Characteristics of esterified rice bran oil converted by enzymatic esterification. J Environ Biol. 2015, 36(5), 1247.

54.Reena M, Krishnakantha TBK. Lowering of platelet aggregation and serum eicosanoid levels in rats fed with a diet containing coconut oil blends with rice bran oil or sesame oil. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids.2010;83(3):151–160.

55.Ogawa Y, Shobako N, & Fukuhara I. Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Peptides Derived from Rice Bran Protein. Nutrients. 2019;12(10):3060.

56.Rao YPC & Sugasini D. Anti-inflammatory activity of rice bran oil in animal models. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2016;479(5):747–752.

57.Vietnam Ministry of Health. Accessed on January 1, 2025 at: https://moh.gov.vn/hoat-dong-cua-dia-phuong/-/asset_publisher/gHbla8vOQDuS/content/khoang-200-000-nguoi-viet-tu-vong-vi-tim-mach-moi-nam-8-loi-khuyen-e-khong-mac-benh-nay

58. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases in Viet Nam. Accessed January 6, 2025 at: https://www.who.int/vietnam/health-topics/cardiovascular-disease.